Bahaya Seks Bebas

Bahaya Seks Bebas - Orang bilang bahwa sex merupakan salah satu nikmat yang bisa kita dapatkan di surga. Dan karena hal ini pula, banyak orang-orang dan bahkan pemuda yang dibawah umur yang penasarang, ingin tahu bahkan nekat melakukan sex dengan cara yang salah.

Dalam hal ini, kita membicarakan free sex atau sex pranikah. Dari sisi norma, agama dan hukum, hal ini tentunya tidak dibenarkan. Akan tetapi, banyak dari mereka tidak peduli asalkan mereka mendapatkan kenikmatan dari hubungan singkat ini.

Banyak hal negatif yang bisa kita dapatkan dari melakukan free sex. Dan hal-hal tersebut pasti akan memberikan anda banyak dampak buruk bagi hidup anda.

Hal pertama yang bisa kita dapat dari free sex adalah kemungkinan besar untuk mendapatkan penyakit kelamin. Kita tidak tahu sejarah kesehatan orang yang kita ajak berhubungan badan. Apalagi, bila anda baru bertemu orang tersebut.

Penyakit kelamin bukan hanya penyakit yang bisa anda dapatkan dari melakukan hubungan sex bebas. AIDS adalah salah satu penyakit berbahaya yang bisa mengakibatkan kematian yang berasal dari hubungan seks bebas. Dan juga banyak penyakit lainnya yang bisa anda dapatkan karena free sex.

Mungkin anda berpikir bawa dengan menggunakan kondom maka segala masalah akan terpecahkan. Akan tetapi, hal itu tidak sepenuhnya benar. Virus penyakit kelamin bisa tertular bukan hanya saat proses penetrasi. Bahkan dari ciuman atau oral seks, anda bisa mendapatkan penyakit ini.

Selain itu, free sex tidak akan bisa memberikan dan menunjukkan arti dan kenikmatan sebenarnya dari seks itu sendiri. Seks bukan hanya merupakan kegiatan untuk memuaskan hawa nafsu saja. Akan tetapi, seks juga merupakan salah satu bentuk komunikasi dengan seseorang yang anda paling cintai.

Jadi, anda bisa mengetahui perasaan pasangan anda dan hal itu merupakan hal paling indah yang bisa anda rasakan. Dan hal ini tidak akan pernah anda dapatkan dari hubungan sex bebas. Anda hanya bisa mendapatkan pemuas nafsu dan hanya itu. Tidak akan ada sex terhebat dan ternikmat yang bisa dapatkan.

Bisa kita katakan bahwa seks adalah salah satu tindakan yang dapat anda lakukan untuk membuktikan atau menunjukkan betapa cinta dan sayangnya anda pada pasangan anda.

Dan untuk generasi muda dan juga kita sebagai orang tua, free sex tentu akan merusak  kehidupan dan masa depan mereka. Oleh karena itu, kewajiban kita sebagai orang tua dan generasi muda untuk melindungi dan membentengi diri kita dari pengaruh buruk dan budaya free sex ini.

sumber:http://misscareful.blogspot.com/2012/06/bahaya-seks-bebas.html

Zat-Zat yang Terkandung Dalam Rokok

Ini dia zat-zat yang terkandung dalam rokok:
1. Nikotin
Pengaruh bagi tubuh manusia :
~ menyebabkan kecanduan / ketergantungan
~ merusak jaringan otak
~ menyebabkan darah cepat membeku
~ mengeraskan dinding arteri
2. Tar
Pengaruh bagi tubuh manusia :
~ membunuh sel dalam saluran darah
~ Meningkatkan produksi lendir diparu-paru
~ Menyebabkan kanker paru-paru
3. CO (Karbon Monoksida)
Pengaruh bagi tubuh manusia :
~ mengikat hemoglobin, sehingga tubuh kekurangan oksigen
~ menghalangi transportasi dalam darah
4. Zat karsinogen
Pengaruh bagi tubuh manusia :
~ Memicu pertumbuhan sel kanker dalam tubuh
5. Zat Iritan
~ Mengotori saluran udara dan kantung udara dalam paru-paru
~ Menyebabkan batuk
Zat-zat asing berbahaya tersebut adalah zat yang terkandung dalam dalam ASAP ROKOK, dan ada 4000 zat kimia yang terdapat dalam sebatang ROKOK, 40 diantaranya tergolong zat yang berbahaya misalnya : hidrogen sianida (HCN) , arsen, amonia, polonium, dan karbon monoksida (CO).

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School

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A school is an institution designed for the teaching of students (or "pupils") under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is commonly compulsory. In these systems, students progress through a series of schools. The names for these schools vary by country (discussed in the Regional section below), but generally include primary school for young children and secondary school for teenagers who have completed primary education. An institution where higher education is taught, is commonly called a university college or university.

In addition to these core schools, students in a given country may also attend schools before and after primary and secondary education. Kindergarten or pre-school provide some schooling to very young children (typically ages 3–5). University, vocational school, college or seminary may be available after secondary school. A school may also be dedicated to one particular field, such as a school of economics or a school of dance. Alternative schools may provide nontraditional curriculum and methods.

There are also non-government schools, called private schools. Private schools may be required when the government does not supply adequate, or special education. Other private schools can also be religious, such as Christian schools, hawzas, yeshivas, and others; or schools that have a higher standard of education or seek to foster other personal achievements. Schools for adults include institutions of corporate training, Military education and training and business schools.

In homeschooling and online schools, teaching and learning take place outside of a traditional school building.

Etymology

The word school derives from Greek σχολή (scholē), originally meaning "leisure" and also "that in which leisure is employed", but later "a group to whom lectures were given, school".^[1][2][3]

History and development of schools

The concept of grouping students together in a centralized location for learning has existed since Classical antiquity. Formal schools have existed at least since ancient Greece (see Academy), ancient Rome (see Education in Ancient Rome) ancient India (see Gurukul), and ancient China (see History of education in China). The Byzantine Empire had an established schooling system beginning at the primary level. According to Traditions and Encounters, the founding of the primary education system began in 425 AD and "... military personnel usually had at least a primary education ...". The sometimes efficient and often large government of the Empire meant that educated citizens were a must. Although Byzantium lost much of the grandeur of Roman culture and extravagance in the process of surviving, the Empire emphasized efficiency in its war manuals. The Byzantine education system continued until the empire's collapse in 1453 AD.^[4]

Islam was another culture that developed a school system in the modern sense of the word. Emphasis was put on knowledge, which required a systematic way of teaching and spreading knowledge, and purpose-built structures. At first, mosques combined both religious performance and learning activities, but by the 9th century, the Madrassa was introduced, a proper school that was built independently from the mosque. They were also the first to make the Madrassa system a public domain under the control of the Caliph. The Nizamiyya madrasa is considered by consensus of scholars to be the earliest surviving school, built towards 1066 AD by Emir Nizam Al-Mulk.^{[citation needed]}

Under the Ottomans, the towns of Bursa and Edirne became the main centers of learning. The Ottoman system of Külliye, a building complex containing a mosque, a hospital, madrassa, and public kitchen and dining areas, revolutionized the education system, making learning accessible to a wider public through its free meals, health care and sometimes free accommodation.

The 19th century historian, Scott holds that a remarkable correspondence exists between the procedure established by those institutions and the methods of the present day. They had their collegiate courses, their prizes for proficiency in scholarship, their oratorical and poetical contests, their commencements and their degrees. In the department of medicine, a severe and prolonged examination, conducted by the most eminent physicians of the capital, was exacted of all candidates desirous of practicing their profession, and such as were unable to stand the test were formally pronounced incompetent.^{[citation needed]}

In Europe during the Middle Ages and much of the Early Modern period, the main purpose of schools (as opposed to universities) was to teach the Latin language. This led to the term grammar school, which in the United States informally refers to a primary school, but in the United Kingdom means a school that selects entrants based on ability or aptitude. Following this, the school curriculum has gradually broadened to include literacy in the vernacular language as well as technical, artistic, scientific and practical subjects.

Many of the earlier public schools in the United States were one-room schools where a single teacher taught seven grades of boys and girls in the same classroom. Beginning in the 1920s, one-room schools were consolidated into multiple classroom facilities with transportation increasingly provided by kid hacks and school buses.

Regional terms

United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations

In the United Kingdom, the term school refers primarily to pre-university institutions, and these can, for the most part, be divided into pre-schools or nursery schools, primary schools (sometimes further divided into infant school and junior school), and secondary schools. Various types of secondary schools in England and Wales include grammar schools, comprehensives, secondary moderns, and city academies. In Scotland, while they may have different names, all Secondary schools are the same, except in that they may be funded by the state, or independently funded (see next paragraph). It is unclear if "Academies", which are a hybrid between state and independently funded/controlled schools and have been introduced to England in recent years, will ever be introduced to Scotland. School performance in Scotland is monitored by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education. Ofsted reports on performance in England and Estyn reports on performance in Wales.

In the United Kingdom, most schools are publicly funded and known as state schools or maintained schools in which tuition is provided free. There are also private schools or independent schools that charge fees. Some of the most selective and expensive private schools are known as public schools, a usage that can be confusing to speakers of North American English. In North American usage, a public school is one that is publicly funded or run.

In much of the Commonwealth of Nations, including Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Kenya, and Tanzania, the term school refers primarily to pre-university institutions.

India

In ancient India, schools were in the form of Gurukuls. Gurukuls were traditional Hindu residential schools of learning; typically the teacher's house or a monastery. During the Mughal rule, Madrasahs were introduced in India to educate the children of Muslim parents. British records show that indigenous education was widespread in the 18th century, with a school for every temple, mosque or village in most regions of the country. The subjects taught included Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Theology, Law, Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical Science and Religion.

Under the British rule in India, Christian missionaries from England, USA and other countries established missionary and boarding schools throughout the country. Later as these schools gained in popularity, more were started and some gained prestige. These schools marked the beginning of modern schooling in India and the syllabus and calendar they followed became the benchmark for schools in modern India. Today most of the schools follow the missionary school model in terms of tutoring, subject / syllabus, governance etc.with minor changes. Schools in India range from schools with large campuses with thousands of students and hefty fees to schools where children are taught under a tree with a small / no campus and are totally free of cost. There are various boards of schools in India, namely Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), Madrasa Boards of various states, Matriculation Boards of various states, State Boards of various boards, Anglo Indian Board, and so on. The typical syllabus today includes Language(s), Mathematics, Science - Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography, History, General Knowledge, Information Technology / Computer Science etc.. Extra curricular activities include physical education / sports and cultural activities like music, choreography, painting, theater / drama etc.

Europe

n much of continental Europe, the term school usually applies to primary education, with primary schools that last between four and nine years, depending on the country. It also applies to secondary education, with secondary schools often divided between Gymnasiums and vocational schools, which again depending on country and type of school educate students for between three and six years. In Germany students graduating from Grundschule are not allowed to directly progress into a vocational school, but are supposed to proceed to one of Germany's general education schools such as Gesamtschule, Hauptschule, Realschule or Gymnasium. When they leave that school, which usually happens at age 15-19 they are allowed to proceed to a vocational school. The term school is rarely used for tertiary education, except for some upper or high schools (German: Hochschule), which describe colleges and universities.

In Eastern Europe modern schools (after World War II), of both primary and secondary educations, often are combined, while secondary education might be split into accomplished or not. The schools are classified as middle schools of general education and for the technical purposes include "degrees" of the education they provide out of three available: the first - primary, the second - unaccomplished secondary, and the third - accomplished secondary. Usually the first two degrees of education (eight years) are always included, while the last one (two years) gives option for the students to pursue vocational or specialized educations.

North America and the United States

In North America, the term school can refer to any educational institution at any level, and covers all of the following: preschool (for toddlers), kindergarten, elementary school, middle school (also called intermediate school or junior high school, depending on specific age groups and geographic region), senior high school, college, university, and graduate school.

In the US, school performance through high school is monitored by each state's Department of Education. Charter schools are publicly funded elementary or secondary schools that have been freed from some of the rules, regulations, and statutes that apply to other public schools. The terms grammar school and grade school are sometimes used to refer to a primary school.

School ownership and operation

Many schools are owned or funded by states. Private schools operate independently from the government. Private schools usually rely on fees from families whose children attend the school for funding; however, sometimes such schools also receive government support (for example, through School vouchers). Many private schools are affiliated with a particular religion; these are known as parochial schools.

Components of most schools

Schools are organized spaces purposed for teaching and learning. The classrooms, where teachers teach and students learn, are of central importance, but typical schools have many other areas, which may include:

• Cafeteria (Commons), dining hall or canteen where students eat lunch and often breakfast and snacks.
• Athletic field, playground, gym, and/or track place where students participating in sports or physical education practice
• Auditorium or hall where student theatrical and musical productions can be staged and where all-school events such as assemblies are held
• Office where the administrative work of the school is done
• Library where students consult and check out books and magazines and often use computers
• Specialized classrooms including laboratories for science education
• Computer labs where computer-based work is done and the internet accessed

School security

The safety of staff and students is increasingly becoming an issue for school communities, an issue most schools are addressing through improved security. After mass shootings such as the Columbine High School massacre and the Virginia Tech incident, many school administrators in the United States have created plans to protect students and staff in the event of a school shooting. Some have also taken measures such as installing metal detectors or video surveillance. Others have even taken measures such as having the children swipe identification cards as they board the school bus. For some schools, these plans have included the use of door numbering to aid public safety response.

Other security concerns faced by schools include bomb threats, gangs, vandalism,^[5] and bullying.^[6]

School health services

School health services are services from medical, teaching and other professionals applied in or out of school to improve the health and well-being of children and in some cases whole families. These services have been developed in different ways around the globe but the fundamentals are constant: the early detection, correction, prevention or amelioration of disease, disability and abuse from which school aged children can suffer.

Online schools and classes

Some schools offer remote access to their classes over the Internet. Online schools also can provide support to traditional schools, as in the case of the School Net Namibia. Some online classes provide experience in a class so that when you take it you have already been introduced to the subject and know what to expect, and even more classes provide High School/College credit allowing you to take the class at your own pace. Many online classes cost money to use but some are offered free.

Stress

As a profession, teaching has levels of Work-Related Stress (WRS)^[7] that are among the highest of any profession in some countries, such as the United Kingdom. The degree of this problem is becoming increasingly recognized and support systems are being put into place.^[8][9] Teacher education increasingly recognizes the need to train those new to the profession to be aware of and overcome mental health challenges they may face.^{[citation needed]}

Stress sometimes affects students more severely than teachers, up to the point where the students are prescribed stress medication. This stress is claimed to be related to standardized testing, and the pressure on students to score above average.^[10][11] See Cram school.

Discipline

Schools and their teachers have always been under pressure — for instance, pressure to cover the curriculum, to perform well in comparison to other schools, and to avoid the stigma of being "soft" or "spoiling" toward students. Forms of discipline, such as control over when students may speak, and normalized behaviour, such as raising a hand to speak, are imposed in the name of greater efficiency. Practitioners of critical pedagogy maintain that such disciplinary measures have no positive effect on student learning. Indeed, some argue that disciplinary practices detract from learning, saying that they undermine students' individual dignity and sense of self-worth—the latter occupying a more primary role in students' hierarchy of needs

PENGERTIAN BAHASA

1. Menurut Kerafsm Arapradhipa 2005 :
Memberikan dua pengertian :
- Bahasa : Sebagai alat komunikasi antara anggota masyarakat berupa symbol bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh alat ucap manusia.
- Bahasa : Sistem komunikasi yang mempergunakan symbol-simbol vokal.

2. Menurut Torigan (1989 : 4)
Beliau memberikan dua definisi bahasa :
- Bahasa adalah : Suatu sistem yang sistematis barangkali untuk sistem generatif.
- Bahasa adalah : Seperangkat lambang-lambang atau symbol-simbol orbiter.

3. Menurut Santoso (1990 : 1)
Bahasa adalah rangkaian bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh alat ucap manusia secara sadar.

4. Menurut Wibowo (2009 : 3)
Bahasa adalah suatu sistem symbol bunyi yang bermakna yang berarti kualisi (dihasilkan oleh alat ucap) yang bersifat arbiter dan konfisional yang dipakai sebagai alat komunikasi oleh sekelompok orang untuk melahirkan perasaan dan pikiran.

5. Menurut Wibowo, Walija (1990 : 4) mengungkapkan :
Definisi bahasa adalah : komunikasi yang paling lengkap dan efektif untuk menyampaikan ide, pesan, maksud dan pendapat kepada orang lain.

6. Menurut Pengabean (1981 : 5) berpendapat :
Bahasa adalah suatu sistem yang mengutarakan dan melepaskan apa yang terjadi pada sistem saraf.

7. Menurut Soejono (1983 : 01)
Bahasa adalah suatu sarana perhubungan rohani yang penting dalam hidup bersama.

sumber: http://marskrip.blogspot.com/2009/12/pengertian-bahasa-menurut-para-ahli.html

Suhu dan Kalor

Suhu dan Kalor

1. Pengertian Suhu
Suhu atau temperatur benda adalah besaran yang menyatakan derajat panas suatu benda.
Benda yang panas eememiliki suhu yang tinggi, sedangkan benda yang dinginkan memiliki suhu yang rendah. Perlu diketahui bahwa suhu merupakan besaran, maka yang memiliki suhu tentu benda. Misalnya suhu es yang sedang mencair, suhu air yang mendidih dan seterusnya. Jadi tidak ada suhu tempat atau ruangan, yang ada adalah suhu udara di tempat atau ruangan.

2. Alat Ukur Suhu
Ketika kita memanaskan atau mendinginkan suatu benda sampai pada suhu tertentu, bebrapa sifat fisik benda tersebut berubah. Sifat-sifat benda yang akibat berubah adanya perubahan suhu di sebut sifat termometrik. Sifat termometrik suatu zat dapat di manfaatkan sebagai suatu alat pengukur suhu.
Thermometer adalah alat yang di gunakan untuk mengukur suhu atau benda. Berbagai jenis thermometer di buat berdasarkan beberapa sifat termometrik zat, seperti pemuain zat padat, pemuain zat cair, pemuain gas, tekanan zat cair, teknan udara, regangan zat padat, hambatan zat terhadap arus listrik, dan intensitas cahaya (radiasi benda).
Berdasarkan sifat termomatrik zat, jenis-jenis thermometer antara lain sebagai berikut.
  Thermometer Zat Cair
Alat ni bekerja berdasarkan prinsip bahwazat cair akan memuai (bertamba volumenya jika di panaskan).

  Thermometer Bimetal
Alat ini bekerja berdasarkan prinsip bahwa logam akan memuai (bertambah panjang) jika di panaskan.
  Thermometer Hambatan
Alat ini bekerja berdasar prinsi bahwa seutas kawat logam di panaskan, hambatan listriknya akan bertambah. Perubahan hambatan listrik ini kemudian di ubah ke dalam pulsa-pulsa listrik. Pulsa listrik inilah yang menunjukan suhu saat itu.
  Temokopel
Perbedaan pemuain antara dua logam yang ke dua ujungnya di sentuhkan di manfaatkan pada termokopel. Pada prinsipnya, pemuaian yang berbeda antara dua logam yang ujungnya di sentuhkan akan menghasilkan gaya gerak listrik (GGL). Besar GGL inilah yang di manfaatkan oleh termokopeluntuk menunjukan suhu.
  Thermometer Gas
Bila sejumlah gas yang di panaskan volumenya di jaga tetap, tekanannya akan bertambah. Sifat termometrik inilah yang di manfaatkan untuk mengukut suhu pada thermometer gas
  Pyrometer
Pyrometer bekerja dengan mengukur intensitas radiasi yang di pancarkan oleh benda yang sangat panas. Instrument pyrometer tidak menyentuh benda panas sehingga pyrometer dapat di gunakan untuk mengukur suhu yang sangat tinggi (kira-kira 5000C – 30000C) yang dapat membakar habis thermometer jenis lainnya.
Secara umum untuk menuntukan suhu thermometer X dibandingkan dengan thermometer celcius, reamur dan Fahrenheit di nyatakan dengan:
 Keterangan :
TX = suhu di ukur dengan thermometer X
TXa = titik atas thermometer X
TXb = titik bawah thermometer X
TC = suhu dalam derajat celcius
TR = suhu dalam derajat reamur
TF = suhu dalam derajat Fahrenheit
T = suhu dalam derajat Kelvin
TRa = suhu dalam derajat rankine.

Conth soal
1. pada saat demam, suhu badan khairul mencapai 400C. berapa derajat suhu badan khairul jika diukut dengan termometer klinis skala reamur atau skala Fahrenheit ?
Penyelesaian:

TR = 4 TC = 4 (400) = 320R
  5 5
TF = 9 TC + 32 = 9 (400) + 320 = 9 (80) + 320 =1040F
  5 5
B. KALOR
Air sumur mengalami kenaikan suhu dan air panas mengalami penurunan suhu. Hal ini menunjukan terjadi perpindahan energi dan benda yang mempunyai suhu tinggi (panas) ke benda yang bersuhu elebih rendah, energi yang berpindah pada peristiwa di atas adalah kalor.
Definisi kalor adalah energi yang berpinda dari benda yang suhunya lebih tinggi ke benda yang suhunya rendah ketika kedua benda bersentuhan
1. Kalor Menyebabkan Perubahan Suhu Kalor
Jika kalor diberikan pada suatu zat, maka ada tiga kemungkinan zat tersebut yaitu zat emengalami perubahan suhu, zat mengalami perubahan wujud, dan zat mengalami pemuaian.
Semakain lama pemanasan berarti berarti semakin besar kalor yang diberikan, sehingga akan menaikan suhu benda secara linear
2. Pengaruh Perubahan Suhu Terhadap Besarannya Kalor
Besarnya kalor yang di perlukan untuk menaikan suhu suatu zat sebanding dengan:
a. Massa zat itu
b. Kenaikan suhunya
Jika besarnya kalor yang di butuhkan suatu zat yang bermassa m untuk kenaikan suhu T sebesar Q, maka:

 

3. Kalor Jenis Dan Kapasitas Kalor Suatu Benda
Kalor jenis suatu zat adalah banyaknya kalor yang di perlukan untuk menaikan atau melepaskan suhu tiap satu kilogram massa suatu zat sebesar 1C0 atau satu Kelvin.

Atau dapa di tulis sebagai

Kapasitas kalor suatu benda adalah kemampuan suatu benda untuk menerima atau menurunkan suhu benda sebesar 10C

Atau dapat ditulis sebagai
1.


Berdasarkan persamaan diatas maka kepastian kalor dapat ditulis

Keterangan:

C = kapasitas kalor daam satuan J/K atau J/C0
C = kalor jenis, dalam satuan J/kg K atau J/KG C0
M = massa benda, dalam satu kg.

sumber: http://marskrip.blogspot.com/2009/12/suhu-dan-kalor.html

Koperasi

ARTIKEL TENTANG KOPERASI

PENGERTIAN KOPERASI

Koperasi adalah merupakan singkatan dari kata ko / co dan operasi / operation. Koperasi adalah suatu kumpulan orang-orang untuk bekerja sama demi kesejahteraan bersama. Berdasarkan undang-undang nomor 12 tahun 1967, koperasi indonesia adalah organisasi ekonomi rakyat yang berwatak sosial dan beranggotakan orang-orang, badan-badan hukum koperasi yang merupakan tata susunan ekonomi sebagai usaha bersama berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan.

Berikut di bawah ini adalah landasan koperasi indonesia yang melandasi aktifitas koperasi di indonesia.

- Landasan Idiil = Pancasila
- Landasan Mental = Setia kawan dan kesadaran diri sendiri
- Landasan Struktural dan gerak = UUD 1945 Pasal 33 Ayat 1

Landasan, Asas, dan Tujuan Koperasi Indonesia sebagaimana diatur dalam UU 25 Tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasian, dijelaskan pada bab II dalam dua pasal. Landasan dan asas koperasi dijelaskan dalam pasal 2, dan tujuan koperasi dijelaskan dalam pasal 3.

Berikut kutipan bunyi lengkap pasal dimaksud.

Pasal 2

Koperasi berlandaskan Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 atas asas kekeluargaan.

Pasal 3

Koperasi bertujuan memajukan kesejahteraan anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya serta ikut membangun tatanan perkeonomian nasional dalam rangka mewujudkan masyarakat yang maju, adil, dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.

FUNGSI DAN TUGAS KOPERASI

A. Fungsi Koperasi / Koprasi

1. Sebagai urat nadi kegiatan perekonomian indonesia
2. Sebagai upaya mendemokrasikan sosial ekonomi indonesia
3. Untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan warga negara indonesia
4. Memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat indonesia dengan jalan pembinaan koperasi
B. Peran dan Tugas Koperasi / Koperasi
1. Meningkatkan tarah hidup sederhana masyarakat indonesia
2. Mengembangkan demokrasi ekonomi di indonesia
3. Mewujudkan pendapatan masyarakat yang adil dan merata dengan cara menyatukan, membina, dan mengembangkan setiap potensi yang ada
MACAM DAN JENIS KOPERASI

Ada dua jenis koperasi yang cukup dikenal luas oleh masyarakat, yakni KUD dan KSP. KUD (Koperasi Unit Desa) tumbuh dan berkembang subur pada masa pemerintahan orde baru. Sedangkan KSP (Koperasi Simpan Pinjam) tumbuh dan berkembang dalam era globalisasi saat ini. KUD dan KSP hanyalah contoh dari sekian jenis koperasi.

Koperasi Berdasarkan Jenis Usahanya

Secara umum, berdasar jenis usaha, koperasi terdiri atas Koperasi Simpan Pinjam (KSP), Koperasi Serba Usaha (KSU), Koperasi Konsumsi, dan Koperasi Produksi.

a. Koperasi Simpan Pinjam (KSP)

KSP adalah koperasi yang memiliki usaha tunggal yaitu menampung simpanan anggota dan melayani peminjaman. Anggota yang menabung (menyimpan) akan mendapatkan imbalan jasa dan bagi peminjam dikenakan jasa. Besarnya jasa bagi penabung dan peminjam ditentukan melalui rapat anggota. Dari sinilah, kegiatan usaha koperasi dapat dikatakan “dari, oleh, dan untuk anggota.”

b. Koperasi Serba Usaha (KSU)

KSU adalah koperasi yang bidang usahanya bermacam-macam. Misalnya, unit usaha simpan pinjam, unit pertokoan untuk melayani kebutuhan sehari-hari anggota juga masyarakat, unit produksi, unit wartel.

c. Koperasi Konsumsi

Koperasi konsumsi adalah koperasi yang bidang usahanya menyediakan kebutuhan sehari-hari anggota. Kebutuhan yang dimaksud misalnya kebutuhan bahan makanan, pakaian, perabot rumah tangga.

d. Koperasi Produksi

Koperasi produksi adalah koperasi yang bidang usahanya membuat barang (memproduksi) dan menjual secara bersama-sama. Anggota koperasi ini pada umumnya sudah memiliki usaha dan melalui koperasi para anggota mendapatkan bantuan modal dan pemasaran.

Koperasi Berdasarkan Keanggotaannya

a. Koperasi Unit Desa (KUD)

Koperasi Unit Desa adalah koperasi yang beranggotakan masyarakat pedesaan.. Koperasi ini melakukan kegiatan usaha ekonomi pedesaan, terutama pertanian. Untuk itu, kegiatan yang dilakukan KUD antara lain menyediakan pupuk, obat pemberantas hama tanaman, benih, alat pertanian, dan memberi penyuluhan teknis pertanian.

b. Koperasi Pegawai Republik Indonesia (KPRI)

Koperasi ini beranggotakan para pegawai negeri. Sebelum KPRI, koperasi ini bernama Koperasi Pegawai Negeri (KPN). KPRI bertujuan terutama meningkatkan kesejateraan para pegawai negeri (anggota). KPRI dapat didirikan di lingkup departemen atau instansi.

c. Koperasi Sekolah

Koperasi Sekolah meiliki anggota dari warga sekolah, yaitu guru, karyawan, dan siswa. Koperasi sekolah memiliki kegiatan usaha menyediakan kebutuhan warga sekolah, seperti buku pelajaran, alat tulis, makanan, dan lain-lain. Keberadaan koperasi sekolah bukan semata-mata sebagai kegiatan ekonomi, melainkan sebagai media pendidikan bagi siswa antara lain berorganisasi, kepemimpinan, tanggung jawab, dan kejujuran.

Sumber: http://ninasafitri.blogspot.com/